As ocean acidification research evolves and more scientific
papers are published each year, there is a mounting need to synthesize
and compare data so that countries can properly respond to the issue.
The IAEA Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, or
OA-ICC, has been facilitating this process for five years now.
“Ocean acidification is a growing international problem that affects
all Member States either directly or indirectly”, said James Orr,
Research Director at the Laboratory for Climate and Environment Sciences
(LSCE) in France.
The IAEA OA-ICC provides an umbrella for international coordination,
building the capacity of states to develop informed responses to this
global problem. The Centre’s activities compare and standardize
methodologies to measure ocean acidification. Its role is also to
develop best practice guidelines and promote data access and sharing
within the research community. “These activities are crucial to ensure
that data, often generated at great cost, is available to all, in a
comparable and consistent format,” Orr said.
Five years ago, the OA-ICC was launched in Monaco under the
IAEA Peaceful Uses Initiative.
Since then the project has grown in scale and complexity as IAEA Member
States have sought to improve their understanding of how increasing
ocean acidification may affect their livelihoods and their ability to
report on target 3 of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal
14, which specifically addresses ocean acidification.
Intensive fossil-fuel burning and deforestation over the last two
centuries has increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by 50 % above
pre-industrial values. The global ocean currently absorbs roughly one
third of this human-caused carbon dioxide, and its carbonate chemistry
is fundamentally altered in the process. By doing so, the ocean
undergoes a decrease in pH, referred to as ocean acidification.
Ocean acidification has been recognized as a major threat to marine
ecosystems. Concern about its impacts on socioeconomically valuable
seafood is increasing world-wide, and nuclear and isotopic techniques
are used to study the phenomenon. The techniques have widely contributed
to the understanding of the field both in terms of investigating past
changes in ocean acidity and the impacts of ocean acidification on
marine organisms.
The IAEA’s OA-ICC maintains a comprehensive bibliographic database,
with more than 4500 references, and a scientific database with easy
access to more than 900 data sets of impacts of ocean acidification on
marine organisms. These databases are available for scientists to
identify current research gaps and help develop OA-ICC activities to
address them.
The Centre supports efforts led by the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (
IOC-UNESCO) to develop a standardized methodology for countries to report on
SDG target 14.3, which will contribute to generating comparable data across the globe.
Developing capacity around the world
Ocean acidification research is complex and interdisciplinary. The
OA-ICC, in collaboration with international partners, organizes
specialized training courses tailored to local research needs. These
courses cover both chemical and biological aspects of ocean
acidification, and use the latest methodologies — including nuclear and
isotopic techniques — and guidelines to promote best practices. During
the past five years, the OA-ICC has trained more than 150 researchers
from around the world and enabled more than 60 scientists from
developing IAEA Member States to present their work and connect with
peers at major international conferences.
The OA-ICC actively supports the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (
GOA-ON)
that aims to increase observations in critical data-sparse areas, such
as along the African coasts and within the Indian Ocean, as well as
regional ocean acidification networks in Latin America (
LAOCA) and
Africa .
“The OA-ICC played a key role in developing the LAOCA network and in
so doing inspired hundreds of Latin American scientists,” said Cristian
Vargas, LAOCA co-chair based at the University of Concepción in Chile.
“To advance the understanding of ocean acidification, it is essential to
have a centre that coordinates and supports the work of the scientific
community around the globe.”
The Centre also collaborates with the
Ocean Foundation, GOA-ON,
IOC-UNESCO, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ocean Acidification Program (
NOAA OAP),
and other partners to develop specialized toolkits designed for
research institutes with limited technical infrastructure and
capacities.
Striving to raise awareness about ocean acidification among
stakeholders, including the use of nuclear and isotopic techniques to
assess ecosystem impact, the
OA-ICC news stream disseminates
daily news on ocean acidification with more than 1000 posts and close
to 40 000 visitors from 185 countries per year. Recently, the OA-ICC
designed a new IAEA Coordinated Research Project that will allow
countries to use a collaborative approach to
evaluate the impacts of ocean acidification on key seafood species in several regions of the world.
The
OA-ICC has received direct and in-kind contributions from eight IAEA
Member States: Australia, France, Italy (the Italian National Agency for
New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA),
Japan, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, as
well as major international organizations and projects. It is adapting
its activities to evolve with this rapidly growing research field and to
ensure that resources are used where they are needed most.
“To address the growing concern about ocean acidification, sustained
international cooperation and coordination is crucial,” said David
Osborn, Director of the IAEA Environment Laboratories.
This topic will be discussed at the IAEA's Scientific Forum: Nuclear Technology for Climate: Mitigation, Monitoring and Adaptation, taking place in Vienna, Austria, from 18 to 19 September 2018.